Bone and Steroid-induced Osteoporosis - 1277 Words

A disease of long duration is a chronic disease. Osteoporosis is considered chronic and this paper will discuss what it means, what the risk factors and who is affected, this paper will address the symptoms to look out for and when to go to the doctor. Nutrition and what proper exercise can do to help prevent or slow down the progression caused by osteoporosis, and then the paper will list prevention and treatment options. May is osteoporosis month and this encourages free screenings for those who may have chances for osteoporosis! A disease that affects the bones and causes the bones to become porous and brittle is called osteoporosis. Osteoporosis threatens any bone in the body. Hips and spines can be the ones that are the ones that†¦show more content†¦A healthy diet and adequate exercise can prove to be very beneficial to those affected or have a chance of being affected with osteoporosis. Vegetables such as pumpkin, carrots, sweet potato and squash are just a few. Oatmeal, honey, peanuts, walnuts, and almonds, beans, raisins, peanut butter, salmon and other fishes, and according to foodandlife.com (2008), the article states that the skin and fat should be left on the fish. The reason is that the Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA fat) raises the high-density lipoprotein (HDLs) levels. EPA is considered part of the Omega 3 Fish Oils that should be taken as a form or treatment. Furthermore, other vitamins to take are Calcium and Vitamin D. Vitamin D taken with calcium supplements which is an inexpensive tre atment that helps reduce the risk of fractures by strengthen the body mass. The key is to remember that it is not the amount of calcium that is taken, but how much the bones absorb. There are foods to avoid, such as: some milk products like 1% and 2%, red meat, which can cause some calcium lose, foods with high butter fat and animal fats, so do not choose meat that have less than 96% fat, salt and sugar also cause the bone to lose bone mass, and alcohol can keep the bones from absorbing the calcium that is so needs. Exercise keeps the body moving and keeps the body strong. Weight exercise are beneficial by the mean of when the body feels the stress of the weight, theShow MoreRelatedHow to Reduce or Delay Osteoporosis Essay example1455 Words   |  6 Pages Osteoporosis is a bone disease that causes the bones to become so thin that they can break during normal daily activities such as lifting a heavy object or rolling over in bed. 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Since its’ introduction into Russian weightlifting, it has been expanding with no signs of stopping. It has spread into every major sport, with usage by every age and race. The use continues to grow, even with a lengthy list of serious health, legal, and ethical concerns. Because of our societys adoration of muscle, athletes put theirRead MoreWhat Is The Effect Of Supplementation Of Rams Ration And Control Rate1881 Words   |  8 Pagesboron/day over a 4-week period induced a significant increase in testosterone levels as compared to the control group. In this regard, Nielsen et al. (2007) found that repletion of dietary boron been by increasing intake from 0.25 to 3.25 mg/day has reported to increase plasma 17betaestradiol by more than 50 %, and to more than double plasma testosterone levels in postmenopausal women. Additionally, Naghii et al. (2011) found that increased levels of sex steroid s have been demonstrated in bothRead MoreAdrenal Gland9709 Words   |  39 Pagesin the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. | Hormone synthesis All adrenocortical hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. Cholesterol is transported into the Adrenal gland. The steps up to this point occur in many steroid-producing tissues. Subsequent steps to generate aldosterone and cortisol, however, primarily occur in the adrenal cortex: * Progesterone → (hydroxylation at C21) → 11-Deoxycorticosterone → (two further hydroxylations at C11 and C18) → Aldosterone Read MoreHormone Replacement Therapy in Transgendering the FTM Transsexual1759 Words   |  8 Pagesof the other sex to the fullest extent possible. With the exception of the internal and external genitalia, sex characteristics are contingent of the biological effects of the respective sex steroids. 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The True Bugs Insects in the Order Hemiptera

When is a bug really a bug? When it belongs to the order Hemiptera – the true bugs. Hemiptera comes from the Greek words hemi, meaning half, and pteron, meaning wing. The name refers to the true bugs  forewings, which are hardened near the base and membranous near the ends. This gives them the appearance of being a half wing. This large  group of insects includes a variety of seemingly unrelated insects, from aphids to cicadas, and from leafhoppers to water bugs. Remarkably, these insects share certain common traits that identify them as members of the Hemiptera. What Are True Bugs? Though members of this order may look quite different from one another, Hemipterans share common characteristics. True bugs are best defined by their mouthparts, which are modified for piercing and sucking. Many members of Hemiptera feed on plant fluids like sap  and require the ability to penetrate plant tissues. Some Hemipterans, like aphids, can do considerable damage to plants by feeding in this way. While the forewings of Hemipterans are only half membranous, the hind wings are entirely so. When at rest, the insect folds all four wings over each other, usually flat. Some members of Hemiptera lack hind wings. Hemipterans have compound eyes  and may have as many as three ocelli (photoreceptor organs that receive light through a simple lens). The order Hemiptera is usually subdivided into four suborders: Auchenorrhyncha – the hoppersColeorrhyncha – a single family of insects that live among mosses and liverwortsHeteroptera - the true bugsSternorrhyncha – aphids, scale, and mealybugs Major Groups Within the Order Hemiptera The true bugs are a large and diverse order of insects. The order is divided into many suborders and superfamilies, including the following: Aphidoidea - aphidsPentatomoidea – shield bugsGerromorpha – water striders, water cricketsCicadoidea - cicadasTingidae – lace bugsCoccoidea –  scale insects Where Do True Bugs Live? The order of true bugs is so diverse that their habitats vary greatly. They are in abundance worldwide. Hemiptera includes terrestrial and aquatic insects, and members of the order may also be found on plants and animals.   True Bugs of Interest Many of the true bug species are interesting and have distinct behaviors that distinguish them from other bugs. While we could go into great length about all these intricacies, here are a few that are of special interest from this order. Marine skaters in the genus Halobates live their entire lives on the surface of the ocean. They lay eggs on floating objects.The family Pentatomidae  (better known as stink bugs) have glands in the thorax that emit a foul-smelling compound. This defense helps them repel potential predators.Cicadas of the genus Magicicada are famous for their odd life cycles. Cicada nymphs stay underground for 13 or 17 years after which they emerge in large numbers and with a deafening song.Females of the genus Belostoma (giant water bugs) lay their eggs on the back of a male. The male cares for the eggs, bringing them to the surface for proper aeration. Sources: Gordons Hemiptera Page; Gordon Ramel.Field Guide to Common Texas Insects; Texas AM University website.  Hemiptera - Suborder Heteroptera; Dr. John Meyer; North Carolina State University Department of Entomology website.  Kaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, Eric R. Eaton and Kenn Kaufman; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2007.

Tax on Producers and Consumers Free Essays

string(159) " a subsequent increase in price, as the company passes on costs to consumers, with the removal of a clean-up subsidy \(seen with the increase from P1 to P2\)\." Question 1 Figure 1. 1- A tax on Producers a) i) Equilibrium Price and Quantity before tax: 100-10Q = 20 +10Q ? 20Q = 80 ? Q = 4 When Q = 4, P = 60 ? Equilibrium price equals $60 and equilibrium quantity is 4 million ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 Producer Surplus = ? x 4 x 40 = 80 iii) An efficient market occurs when total surplus is maximized. This equilibrium of P = 60 and Q = 4 has maximized consumer and producer surplus equally. We will write a custom essay sample on Tax on Producers and Consumers or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is at this point where the marginal cost of production equals marginal benefit. Question 1 cont. b) i) After imposing a tax of $20, being levied on the producers, the price paid by buyers is $70 and the price received by sellers is $50 per unit of mobile phones sold at the reduced quantity supplied of 3 million. This is illustrated in figure 1. 1 with the shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. ii) Consumer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 Producer Surplus = ? x 3 x 30 = 45 iii) There is a decrease in the total surplus after the implementation of a tax on mobile phones. A substantial portion of the total surplus has been redistributed to government tax revenue, however, there is a deadweight loss. Marginal social benefits exceed marginal social costs, resulting in inefficiencies within the market for mobile phones. c) Expected Total Revenue = 3 x 20 = $60 million Expected Deadweight Loss = 2 ( ? x 1 x 10 ) = $10 million d) The distribution of real incidence is the amount of burden of a tax shared between the buyer and seller. This proposed tax shares the burden of the $20 equally between buyers and sellers. The distribution of real incidence on buyers is a $10 rise in the price paid on sellers is the $10 decrease in price received for each mobile phone. e) Elasticity of Demand = Ave. P x ? Q Ave. Q ? P = 65 x (-1) 3. 5 10 = -1. 857142857 ? Elasticity of Demand equals 1. 857 The Elasticity of demand is greater than one which means the demand for mobile phones is elastic. The percentage decrease in the quantity demanded exceeds the percentage increase in price. This tax would mean as there is a 1% increase in price there is a 1. 57% decrease in quantity. There is also a decrease in the total revenue as the price increases. Question 2 |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |100 |5 | |India |90 |3 | Figure 2. – Thailand’s Production Possibility Frontier Figure 2. 2- India’s Production Possibility Frontier Question 2 cont. |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |36 |1080 | |India |40 |1800 | c) Points seen in Figure 2. and Figure 2. 2 d) – Thailandâ⠂¬â„¢s opportunity cost of producing 1 printer is 20kgs of Rice – Thailand’s opportunity cost of producing 1 Kg of rice is 1/20th of a printer – India’s opportunity cost of producing 1 printer is 30kgs of rice – India’s opportunity cost of producing 1kg of rice is 1/30th of a printer Thailand should specialise in the production of printers as it has a higher comparative advantage. This has been achieved as there is a lower opportunity cost in the production of printers in Thailand compared to India.    |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |90 |0 | |India |0 |3000 | Specialisation has lead to an increase in the combined output for both countries. Thailand has increased its printer output by 54 and India has increased rice output by 1200kgs. ) Consumption bundle after trade |   |Printer |Kilogram of Rice | |Thailand |42 |1200 | |India |48 |1800 | Consumption points after trade for countries Thailand and India are labeled â€Å"H† and â€Å"N† in Figure 2. 1 and Figure 2. 2 respectively. Trade has benefited to both countries. Thailand has increased their consumption bundle with an increase in kilograms of rice from 1080 to 1200 and increased its computers from 36 to 42. India has increased their consumption bundle with their increase in printers from 40 to 48. Question 3 Figure 3. 1- Nuclear Electricity Market a) The equilibrium point e1 is influenced by inefficient outcomes of a subsidy. The subsidy brings about overproduction, represented by the quantity Q1. This overproduction lowers the price, or private costs of the clean up for the company. Marginal costs are increased as the higher production forces inefficient resource allocation. ) If the subsidy is removed there will be an overall increase in the efficiency within this market. The supply will decrease, illustrated in Figure 3. 1 with the leftward shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. The private cost of nuclear energy production would reflect the true cost of production, including disaster clean-ups. The increase in price can also be seen in Figure 3. 1 with the price from P1 to P2. There would be a consequent decrease in the quantity of nuclear energy and stop the inefficient overproduction and usage of limited resources. ) If the government imposes an insurance levy tax on the power company the cost of a nuclear clean-up will be higher than the cost with a clean-up subsidy but will be lower than costs incurred if the power company had to absorb the entire financial burden. The insurance levy would create a new supply curve, illustrated in Figure 3. 1 with S3, as the reduced cost of a clean-up allows for greater nuclear energy production at a lower price. The quantity increase is seen with the movement from Q2 to Q3 and the decrease in cost of production is seen with the movement from P2 to P3. Question 3 cont. ) The three equilibriums achieved vary in the burden sharing and efficiency of a subsidy, a tax and no intervention in the nuclear energy market. Government intervention with the clean-up subsidy (represented wi th e1) reduces private costs of production and clean-up. This brings about inefficiencies as the true cost of production, including clean-ups after disasters, is not reflected in price of P1. The reduced cost in this scenario also leads to overproduction and an inefficient quantity of Q1 supplied. The most efficient market where marginal social benefits equal marginal social costs is shown at the equilibrium point e2. The true cost of production including negative externalities is counted for and there is a subsequent increase in price, as the company passes on costs to consumers, with the removal of a clean-up subsidy (seen with the increase from P1 to P2). You read "Tax on Producers and Consumers" in category "Essay examples" The increase in price leads to a decrease in the quantity of nuclear energy demanded and a leftward shift in the supply curve from S1 to S2. The imposition of an insurance levy has decreased the price of a nuclear disaster clean-up as the power company is now relieved of part of the entire financial burdens. This decrease in the price of a clean-up is seen in Figure 3. with the decrease in price from P2 to P3. There is an increase in quantity demanded, seen with the increase from Q2 to Q3 and there is an increase in the supply of nuclear energy production. This new equilibrium e3 is not the most efficient point in the nuclear production market but allows for an increase in demand of the most cost effective energy generation The point e3 would be most beneficial to society as there is an increase in efficiencies with the removal of a government clean-up subsidy yet the power company doesn’t wear the entire financial burdens of further nuclear disaster clean-ups. There is an increase in the price of nuclear production, however, this point P3 Q3 represents a fairer and more cost-effective way of reducing the costs of future nuclear disasters as less responsibility has fallen on the producers of this energy. Question 4 a) Figure 4. 1 iii) A population decrease will decrease the demand of this inferior good. This is illustrated in Figure 4. 1 with the demand curve shifting to the left from D1 to D2. An increase in the productivity increases the output quantity using the same amount of input. This increase in supply is seen with the supply curve shift to the right from S1 to S2. The combined decrease in demand and increase in supply has reduced the price of this good from P1 to P2. A new equilibrium, e2, has been formed at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. b) Figure 4. 2 iii) As incomes increase the consumption of inferior goods decrease. This decrease in demand is shown in Figure 4. 2 with the demand curve shifting to the left from D1 to D2 to form the quantity demanded Q2. The increased price of inputs and therefore production costs has reduced the production productivity. This loss of productivity is illustrated through the leftward shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2. A new equilibrium has been formed at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. c) Figure 4. 3 iii) The demand for inferior goods increases as incomes decrease. This increase in demand is illustrated in Figure 4. 3 with the rightward shift of the demand curve from D1 to D2 and the quantity demanded increase from Q1 to Q2. As the number of firms in the market decrease the price competitiveness influence weakens. Less competition allows for an increase in the price, seen in the shift from P1 to P2. The combined influence of an increase in quantity demanded (Q1 to Q2) and increase in price (P1 to P2) has formed a new equilibrium point, e2 (P2, Q2), with the shift in the demand curve to the right. Question 4 cont. d) Figure 4. 4 iii) There is a decrease in demand of the inferior good as the consumer preference for this good decrease. The product is used together with a complement product. An increase in the price of a complement product will also decrease the demand of the inferior good. This decrease in demand is illustrated in Figure 4. with the change from Q1 to Q2 and the shift of the demand curve to the left from D1 to D2. This creates a new equilibrium point e2 at the points P2 Q2. Question 4 cont. e) Figure 4. 5 iii) The increased price of a substitute in consumption increases the demand of the inferior good, illustrated in Figure 4. 5 with the demand curve shift to the right from D1 to D2. The supply quantity of the inferior product will decrease as the price of a substit ute in production increases. There is an increased ability for the supplier to raise profits from the higher price of the substitute while using the same resources. This tendency has therefore decreased the supply of the inferior goods, illustrated with the left of the supply curve to the left from S1 to S2. Figure 4. 5 shows how suppliers are only willing to supply the same quantity if there is an increase in price (from P1 to P2). The increase in demand and decrease in supply of this inferior good has resulted in a new equilibrium point e2 at points P2 and Q2. Question 5 a) There is a tendency for consumers to buy products they know which are used by many other people as it influences customer perception of reliability and value. If a celebrity endorses a product it shows the possible customer how the product has already reached a substantial audience of consumers who are satisfied and willing to show others. b) Inconsistency in consumer behavior can be rationalized under the idea of the endowment effect. The endowment effect makes a person value a personal good higher than it costs to buy. Molly has shown this effect as she is unwilling to accept $50 for her poster even though she knows it costs less than $50 for a replacement. c) Figure 5. 1- Max’s Budget Line i) – Price of Hotdog =$1 Price of Hamburger =$2 ii) Slope: PHAMQHAM + PHOTQHOT = Y ? $2QHAM + $1QHOT = $8 ? QHAM + ? x QHOT = 8/2 ? QHAM = 4 -1/2QHOT ? Slope equals -1/2 There is a negative slope (-1/2) of the budget line. The budget line and the Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) are similar as the curve of each represents the maximum quantity of two products which can be obtained using limited resources. Max’s budget line sho ws the maximum combination quantity of two attainable products with his limited income while the PPF shows the maximum output of two products with a limited amount of input. How to cite Tax on Producers and Consumers, Essay examples

Bunker Hill`s Battle Essay Example For Students

Bunker Hill`s Battle Essay The sounds of muskets being fired, its ammunition ricocheting off rocksand splintering trees are heard all around. The pungent smell of gun powderstings the nose, and its taste makes the mouth dry and sticky. The battle isstill young, but blood soaked uniforms and dead or dying men can already beseen, causing the fear of death to enter many of the soldiers minds. It isremembered that freedom is what the fight is for, so we must continue to gainindependence. The battle has been going on for a short time now, although visionis already obscured from all the smoke and dust in the air. It is becomingincreasingly difficult to breathe, with all of these air borne substancesentering my lungs. People are still being struck by musket balls for the criesof agony rise above the many guns explosions. This is how the battle to beknown as Bunker Hill began. On June 17, 1775 the Battle of Bunker Hill tookplace. It is one of the most important colonial victories in the U.S. War forIndependence. Fough t during the Siege of Boston, it lent considerableencouragement to the revolutionary cause. This battle made both sides realizethat this was not going to be a matter decided on by one quick and decisivebattle. The battle of Bunker Hill was not just an event that happened overnight. The battle was the result of struggle and hostility between Great Britain andthe colonies for many years. Many of the oppressive feelings came as a result ofBritish laws and restrictions placed on them. It would not be true to say thatthe battle was the beginning of the fight for independence. It is necessary tosee that this was not a rash decision that occurred because of one dispute, butrather that the feelings for the British had been getting worse for a long timeand were finally released. Perhaps two of the most notable injustices, asperceived by the colonists, were the Stamp Act and the Intolerable Acts. TheStamp Act was passed by the British Parliament to raise money for repaying itswar debt from the French and Indian War. The Act levied a tax on printed matterof all kinds including newspapers, advertisements, playing cards, and legaldocuments. The British government was expecting protest as result of the tax butthe level of outcry they received. The colonists were so angry bec ause they hadno voice in Parliament which passed the law, thus came the famous cry, Notaxation without representation! The colonists would protest these lawswith the Boston Tea Party. The British responded to this open act of rebellionby imposing the Intolerable Acts, four laws designed to punish Boston and therest of Massachusetts while strengthening British control over all the colonies. These were not the only incidents that caused unrest to exist between the twocountries. There had been friction between British soldiers and colonists forsome time because of the Quartering Act, a law which required townspeople tohouse soldiers. This unrest and tension resulted in the Boston Massacre, anevent that resulted in colonists death and both sides being more untrusting ofeach other. These feelings of discontent and the growing fear of an uprisingwould lead the British to proceed to Lexington and Concord and destroy colonialmilitary supplies. This left the colonists with the feeling of hatred and totalmalice towards the British. Because of these incidents neither side trusted theother, and had concerns that the opposition would launch an attack upon them. When the British planned to occupy Dorchester Heights on the Boston Peninsula,the colonists became alarmed at the build up of British troops off of the coast. Triangular trade EssayAlthough the British technically won the battle because they took control of thehill, they suffered too many losses to fully benefit from it. The British hadsuffered more than one thousand casualties out of the 2,300 or so who fought. While the colonists only suffered 400 to 600 casualties from an estimated 2,500to 4,000 men. Besides having fewer deaths than the British, the colonistsbelieve they had won in other ways as well. The Americans had proved tothemselves, and the rest of the world that they could stand up to the Britisharmy in traditional warfare. And only a few days later, George Washington wouldlead a group of men up to Dorchester Heights, aiming their cannons at theBritish, and then watched the Red Coats retreat from the hill. So even thoughthe British had won the battle, it was a short lived victory since the coloniststook control of the hill again, but this time with more soldiers to defend it. The Battle of Bunker Hill was important for a variety of reasons. The first onebeing that it was the first battle of the Revolutionary War, and because of thefierce fighting that defined the battle it foreshadowed that it was going to bea long, close war. Another important event that came from the battle was that itallowed the American troops to know that the British army was not invincible,and that they could defeat the British in traditional warfare. The lossesexperienced on the British side also helped to bolster the colonists confidence. So it came to be that the Battle of Bunker Hill would be the foundation that thecolonists would look back to for the many battles that occurred during theAmerican Revolution. The first being that the British suffered heavy losses andwould no longer convinced of a victory when they went to battle the colonists. Fifty years after the battle a movement began to rise in the young United Statesto create a memorial to the battle atop Breeds Hill. So, the Bunker HillMemorial Association was formed and they bought fifteen acres of land atop ofBreeds Hill. Then in 1825 the cornerstone to the monument was laid. Chronologyof the battle Time AMERICANS BRITISH midnight Colonists begin construction offortifications on Breeds Hill 4am British warships fire on the newly discoveredfortification 2pm American reinforcements arrive; rail fence constructionBegins. British soldiers land on Moultons point 3:30pm First battle is repulsedat the rail fence 4pm Second assault is repulsed at flashes and at redoubt4:30pm Colonists withdraw. Final assault succeeds at redoubt 5:30pm End ofbattle. Bibliography1. http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/MilSci/BTSI/hill/hill.html2. http://www.greeceny.com/arm/welch/bunker.htm3. http://www.bit-net.com/~ddillaby/bunker_hill.html 4. http://www.nps.gov/bost/bunkhill.htm 5. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 1996